Зодорм снотворное инструкция по применению взрослым

Название медикамента

Zodorm

Состав

Zolpidem

Терапевтические показания

Нарушения сна: затрудненное засыпание, ранние и ночные пробуждения.

Способ применения и дозы

Противопоказания

Побочные эффекты

Передозировка

Фармакодинамика

Фармакокинетика

Фармокологическая группа

Взаимодействие

Источники:

• https://www.drugs.com/search.php?searchterm=zodorm
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=zodorm

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The following serious adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:

• CNS-depressant effects and next-day impairment
• Serious anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions
• Abnormal thinking and behavior changes, and complex behaviors
• Withdrawal effects

Clinical Trials Experience

Associated With Discontinuation Of Treatment

Approximately 4% of 1,701 patients who received zolpidem tartrate at all doses (1.25 to 90 mg) in U.S. premarketing clinical trials discontinued treatment because of an adverse reaction. Reactions most commonly associated with discontinuation from U.S. trials were daytime drowsiness (0.5%), dizziness (0.4%), headache (0.5%), nausea (0.6%), and vomiting (0.5%).

Approximately 4% of 1,959 patients who received zolpidem tartrate at all doses (1 to 50 mg) in similar foreign trials discontinued treatment because of an adverse reaction. Reactions most commonly associated with discontinuation from these trials were daytime drowsiness (1.1%), dizziness/vertigo (0.8%), amnesia (0.5%), nausea (0.5%), headache (0.4%), and falls (0.4%).

Data from a clinical study in which selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-treated patients were given zolpidem tartrate revealed that four of the seven discontinuations during double-blind treatment with zolpidem (n=95) were associated with impaired concentration, continuing or aggravated depression, and manic reaction; one patient treated with placebo (n=97) was discontinued after an attempted suicide.

Most Commonly Observed Adverse Reactions In Controlled Trials

During short-term treatment (up to 10 nights) with zolpidem tartrate at doses up to 10 mg, the most commonly observed adverse reactions associated with the use of zolpidem and seen at statistically significant differences from placebo-treated patients were drowsiness (reported by 2% of zolpidem patients), dizziness (1%), and diarrhea (1%). During longer-term treatment (28 to 35 nights) with zolpidem tartrate at doses up to 10 mg, the most commonly observed adverse reactions associated with the use of zolpidem and seen at statistically significant differences from placebo-treated patients were dizziness (5%) and drugged feelings (3%).

Adverse Reactions Observed At An Incidence Of = 1% In Controlled Trials

The following tables enumerate treatment-emergent adverse event frequencies that were observed at an incidence equal to 1% or greater among patients with insomnia who received zolpidem tartrate and at a greater incidence than placebo in U.S. placebo-controlled trials. Events reported by investigators were classified utilizing a modified World Health Organization (WHO) dictionary of preferred terms for the purpose of establishing event frequencies. The prescriber should be aware that these figures cannot be used to predict the incidence of side effects in the course of usual medical practice, in which patient characteristics and other factors differ from those that prevailed in these clinical trials. Similarly, the cited frequencies cannot be compared with figures obtained from other clinical investigators involving related drug products and uses, since each group of drug trials is conducted under a different set of conditions. However, the cited figures provide the physician with a basis for estimating the relative contribution of drug and nondrug factors to the incidence of side effects in the population studied.

The following table was derived from a pool of 11 placebo-controlled short-term U.S. efficacy trials involving zolpidem in doses ranging from 1.25 to 20 mg. The table is limited to data from doses up to and including 10 mg, the highest dose recommended for use.

TABLE 1: Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Experiences in Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials with zolpidem tartrate lasting up to 10 nights (Percentage of patients reporting)

Body System/ Adverse Event*	Zolpidem tartrate ( ≤ 10 mg) (N=685)	Placebo (N=473)
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Headache	7	6
Drowsiness	2	—
Dizziness	1	—
Gastrointestinal System
Diarrhea	1	—
*Reactions reported by at least 1 % of patients treated with oral zolpidem and at a greater frequency than placebo.

The following table was derived from a pool of three placebo-controlled long-term efficacy trials involving oral zolpidem. These trials involved patients with chronic insomnia who were treated for 28 to 35 nights with zolpidem at doses of 5, 10, or 15 mg. The table is limited to data from doses up to and including 10 mg, the highest dose recommended for use. The table includes only adverse events occurring at an incidence of at least 1% for zolpidem patients.

TABLE 2: Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Experiences in Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials with zolpidem tartrate lasting up to 35 nights (Percentage of patients reporting)

Body System/ Adverse Event*	Zolpidem tartrate ( ≤ 10 mg) (N=152)	Placebo (N=161)
Autonomic Nervous System Dry mouth	3	1
Body as a Whole
Allergy	4	1
Back Pain	3	2
Influenza-like symptoms	2	—
Chest pain	1	—
Cardiovascular System
Palpitation	2	—
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Drowsiness	8	5
Dizziness	5	1
Lethargy	3	1
Drugged feeling	3	—
Lightheadedness	2	1
Depression	2	1
Abnormal dreams	1	—
Amnesia	1	—
Sleep disorder	1	—
Gastrointestinal System
Diarrhea	3	2
Abdominal pain	2	2
Constipation	2	1
Respiratory System
Sinusitis	4	2
Pharyngitis	3	1
Skin and Appendages
Rash	2	1
*Reactions reported by at least 1% of patients treated with oral zolpidem and at a greater frequency than placebo.

Dose Relationship For Adverse Reactions Associated With Oral Zolpidem

There is evidence from dose comparison trials suggesting a dose relationship for many of the adverse reactions associated with oral zolpidem use, particularly for certain CNS and gastrointestinal adverse events.

Oral Tissue-Related Adverse Reactions To Zodorm

The effect of chronic daily administration of Zodorm on oral tissue was evaluated in a 60-day open-label study in 60 insomniac patients. One patient developed transient sublingual erythema, and another transient paresthesia of the tongue.

Adverse Event Incidence Across The Entire Preapproval Oral Zolpidem Database

Zolpidem was administered to 3,660 subjects in clinical trials throughout the U.S., Canada, and Europe. Treatment-emergent adverse events associated with clinical trial participation were recorded by clinical investigators using terminology of their own choosing. To provide a meaningful estimate of the proportion of individuals experiencing treatment-emergent adverse events, similar types of untoward events were grouped into a smaller number of standardized event categories and classified utilizing a modified World Health Organization (WHO) dictionary of preferred terms.

The frequencies presented, therefore, represent the proportions of the 3,660 individuals exposed to zolpidem, at all doses, who experienced an event of the type cited on at least one occasion while receiving zolpidem. All reported treatment-emergent adverse events are included, except those already listed in the table above of adverse events in placebo-controlled studies, those coding terms that are so general as to be uninformative, and those events where a drug cause was remote. It is important to emphasize that, although the events reported did occur during treatment with zolpidem, they were not necessarily caused by it.

Adverse events are further classified within body system categories and enumerated in order of decreasing frequency using the following definitions: frequent adverse events are defined as those occurring in greater than 1/100 subjects; infrequent adverse events are those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1,000 patients; rare events are those occurring in less than 1/1,000 patients.

Autonomic nervous system: Infrequent: increased sweating, pallor, postural hypotension, syncope. Rare: abnormal accommodation, altered saliva, flushing, glaucoma, hypotension, impotence, increased saliva, tenesmus.

Body as a whole: Frequent: asthenia. Infrequent: edema, falling, fever, malaise, trauma.

Rare: allergic reaction, allergy aggravated, anaphylactic shock, face edema, hot flashes, increased ESR, pain, restless legs, rigors, tolerance increased, weight decrease.

Cardiovascular system: Infrequent: cerebrovascular disorder, hypertension, tachycardia.

Rare: angina pectoris, arrhythmia, arteritis, circulatory failure, extrasystoles, hypertension aggravated, myocardial infarction, phlebitis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, varicose veins, ventricular tachycardia.

Central and peripheral nervous system: Frequent: ataxia, confusion, euphoria, headache, insomnia, vertigo. Infrequent: agitation, anxiety, decreased cognition, detached, difficulty concentrating, dysarthria, emotional lability, hallucination, hypoesthesia, illusion, leg cramps, migraine, nervousness, paresthesia, sleeping (after daytime dosing), speech disorder, stupor, tremor. Rare: abnormal gait, abnormal thinking, aggressive reaction, apathy, appetite increased, decreased libido, delusion, dementia, depersonalization, dysphasia, feeling strange, hypokinesia, hypotonia, hysteria, intoxicated feeling, manic reaction, neuralgia, neuritis, neuropathy, neurosis, panic attacks, paresis, personality disorder, somnambulism, suicide attempts, tetany, yawning.

Gastrointestinal system: Frequent: dyspepsia, hiccup, nausea. Infrequent: anorexia, constipation, dysphagia, flatulence, gastroenteritis, vomiting. Rare: enteritis, eructation, esophagospasm, gastritis, hemorrhoids, intestinal obstruction, rectal hemorrhage, tooth caries.

Hematologic and lymphatic system: Rare: anemia, hyperhemoglobinemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, macrocytic anemia, purpura, thrombosis.

Immunologic system: Infrequent: infection. Rare: abscess herpes simplex herpes zoster, otitis externa, otitis media.

Liver and biliary system: Infrequent: abnormal hepatic function, increased SGPT. Rare: bilirubinemia, increased SGOT.

Metabolic and nutritional: Infrequent: hyperglycemia, thirst. Rare: gout, hypercholesteremia, hyperlipidemia, increased alkaline phosphatase, increased BUN, periorbital edema.

Musculoskeletal system: Frequent: arthralgia, myalgia. Infrequent: arthritis. Rare: arthrosis, muscle weakness, sciatica, tendinitis.

Reproductive system: Infrequent: menstrual disorder, vaginitis. Rare: breast fibroadenosis, breast neoplasm, breast pain.

Respiratory system: Frequent: upper respiratory infection. Infrequent: bronchitis, coughing, dyspnea, rhinitis. Rare: bronchospasm, epistaxis, hypoxia, laryngitis, pneumonia.

Skin and appendages: Infrequent: pruritus. Rare: acne, bullous eruption, dermatitis, furunculosis, injection-site inflammation, photosensitivity reaction, urticaria.

Special senses: Frequent: diplopia, vision abnormal. Infrequent: eye irritation, eye pain, scleritis, taste perversion, tinnitus. Rare: conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, lacrimation abnormal, parosmia, photopsia.

Urogenital system: Frequent: urinary tract infection. Infrequent: cystitis, urinary incontinence. Rare: acute renal failure, dysuria, micturition frequency, nocturia, polyuria, pyelonephritis, renal pain, urinary retention.

These effects seem to be related with individual sensitivity and to appear more often within the hour following the drug intake if the patient does not go to bed or does not sleep immediately.

The adverse drug reactions are stated in the table below using the following convention:

Very common (>1/10); common (>1/100; <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000; <1/100); rare (>1/10,000; <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000) including isolated reports; not known (cannot be estimated from available data).

There is evidence for a dose connection for reactions associated with use of Zodorm, especially certain CNS reactions and gastrointestinal events. Theoretically they should be less if Zodorm is taken immediately before bedtime. They occur most frequently in elderly patients.

SOC	Frequency
Common	Uncommon	Rare	Not known
Infections and infestations	Upper respiratory tract infection, lower respiratory tract infection
Immune system disorders				Angioneurotic oedema
Psychiatric disorders	Hallucination, agitation, nightmare, numbed emotions	Irritability, confusion		Restlessness, aggression, delusion, anger, psychosis, abnormal behaviour, sleep walking , dependence (withdrawal symptoms, or rebound effects may occur after treatment discontinuation), depression, decreased libido
Nervous system disorders	Somnolence, headache, dizziness, increased insomnia, cognitive disorders such as anterograde amnesia: (amnestic effects may be associated with inappropriate behaviour), drowsiness during the following day, reduced alertness	Ataxia		Depressed level of consciousness
Eye disorders		Double vision
Ear and labyrinth disorders	Vertigo
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders				Respiratory depression
Gastrointestinal disorders	Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Hepatobiliary disorders				Elevated liver enzymes, hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed liver injury
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	Skin reactions			Rash, pruritus, urticaria, hyperhidrosis
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders	Back pain			Muscle weakness
General disorders and administration site conditions	Fatigue		Paradoxical reactions	Gait disturbance, drug tolerance, falls (predominantly in elderly patients and when Zodorm was not taken in accordance with prescribing recommendation)

These phenomena occur predominantly at the start of the therapy or in elderly patients and usually disappear with repeated administration.

Amnesia

Anterograde amnesia may occur during therapeutic dosages, the risk increasing at higher dosages. In order to reduce the risk, patients should ensure that they will be able to have an uninterrupted sleep of 8 hours. Amnestic effects may be associated with inappropriate behaviour.

Depression

Pre-existing depression may become manifest during use of benzodiazepines or benzodiazepine-like agents.

Psychiatric and “paradoxical” reactions

Reactions like restlessness, agitation, irritability, aggressiveness, delusions, rage, nightmares, increased insomnia, hallucinations, psychoses, inappropriate behaviour and other adverse behavioural effects may occur when using benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like agents. Such reactions are more likely to occur in the elderly.

Dependence

Use (even at therapeutic dosages) may lead to physical dependence: discontinuation of the therapy may result in withdrawal or rebound phenomena.

Psychological dependence may occur. Abuse has been reported in polydrug abusers.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

The following CIOMS frequency rating is used, when applicable:

Very common > 10%

Common > 1 and < 10%

Uncommon > 0.1 and < 1%

Rare > 0.01 and < 0.1%

Very rare < 0.01%

Not known: cannot be estimated based on available data.

There is evidence of a dose-relationship for adverse effects associated with zolpidem use, particularly for certain CNS and gastrointestinal events. They occur most frequently in elderly patients.

Immune system disorders

Not known: angioneurotic oedema

Psychiatric disorders

Common: hallucination, agitation, nightmare, depression

Uncommon: confusional state, irritability, restlessness, aggression, somnambulism , euphoric mood

Rare: libido disorder

Very rare: delusion, dependence (withdrawal symptoms, or rebound effects may occur after treatment discontinuation)

Not known: anger, psychosis, abnormal behaviour

Most of these psychiatric undesirable effects are related to paradoxical reactions.

Nervous system disorders

Common: somnolence, headache, dizziness, exacerbated insomnia, cognitive disorders such as anterograde amnesia (amnestic effects may be associated with inappropriate behaviour)

Uncommon: paraesthesia, tremor, disturbance in attention, speech disorder

Rare: depressed level of consciousness

Eye disorders

Uncommon: diplopia, vision blurred

Very rare: visual impairment

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

Very rare: respiratory depression

Gastro-intestinal disorders

Common: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

Hepatobiliary disorders

Uncommon: liver enzymes elevated

Rare: hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed liver injury

Metabolism and nutrition disorders

Uncommon: appetite disorder

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Uncommon: rash, pruritus, hyperhidrosis

Rare: urticaria

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders

Common: back pain

Uncommon: myalgia, muscle spasms, muscular weakness

Infections and infestations

Common: upper respiratory tract infection, lower respiratory tract infection

General disorders and administration site conditions

Common: fatigue

Rare: gait disturbance, fall (predominantly in elderly patients and when zolpidem was not taken in accordance with prescribing recommendation)

Not known: drug tolerance

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

The following serious adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:

• CNS-depressant effects and next-day impairment
• Serious anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions
• Abnormal thinking and behavior changes, and complex behaviors
• Withdrawal effects

Clinical Trials Experience

Associated With Discontinuation Of Treatment

In 3-week clinical trials in adults and elderly patients ( > 65 years), 3.5% (7/201) patients receiving Zodorm 6.25 or 12.5 mg discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction as compared to 0.9% (2/216) of patients on placebo. The reaction most commonly associated with discontinuation in patients treated with Zodorm was somnolence (1%).

In a 6-month study in adult patients (18-64 years of age), 8.5% (57/669) of patients receiving Zodorm 12.5 mg as compared to 4.6% on placebo (16/349) discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction. Reactions most commonly associated with discontinuation of Zodorm included anxiety (anxiety, restlessness or agitation) reported in 1.5% (10/669) of patients as compared to 0.3% (1/349) of patients on placebo, and depression (depression, major depression or depressed mood) reported in 1.5% (10/669) of patients as compared to 0.3% (1/349) of patients on placebo.

Data from a clinical study in which selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-(SSRI-) treated patients were given zolpidem revealed that four of the seven discontinuations during double-blind treatment with zolpidem (n=95) were associated with impaired concentration, continuing or aggravated depression, and manic reaction; one patient treated with placebo (n =97) was discontinued after an attempted suicide.

Most Commonly Observed Adverse Reactions In Controlled Trials

During treatment with Zodorm in adults and elderly at daily doses of 12.5 mg and 6.25 mg, respectively, each for three weeks, the most commonly observed adverse reactions associated with the use of Zodorm were headache, next-day somnolence, and dizziness.

In the 6-month trial evaluating Zodorm 12.5 mg, the adverse reaction profile was consistent with that reported in short-term trials, except for a higher incidence of anxiety (6.3% for Zodorm versus 2.6% for placebo).

Adverse Reactions Observed At An Incidence Of ≥ 1% In Controlled Trials

The following tables enumerate treatment-emergent adverse reaction frequencies that were observed at an incidence equal to 1% or greater among patients with insomnia who received Zodorm in placebo-controlled trials. Events reported by investigators were classified utilizing the MedDRA dictionary for the purpose of establishing event frequencies. The prescriber should be aware that these figures cannot be used to predict the incidence of side effects in the course of usual medical practice, in which patient characteristics and other factors differ from those that prevailed in these clinical trials. Similarly, the cited frequencies cannot be compared with figures obtained from other clinical investigators involving related drug products and uses, since each group of drug trials is conducted under a different set of conditions. However, the cited figures provide the physician with a basis for estimating the relative contribution of drug and nondrug factors to the incidence of side effects in the population studied.

The following tables were derived from results of two placebo-controlled efficacy trials involving Zodorm. These trials involved patients with primary insomnia who were treated for 3 weeks with Zodorm at doses of 12.5 mg (Table 1) or 6.25 mg (Table 2), respectively. The tables include only adverse reactions occurring at an incidence of at least 1% for Zodorm patients and with an incidence greater than that seen in the placebo patients.

Table 1: Incidences of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions in a 3-Week Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial in Adults (percentage of patients reporting)

Body System/ Adverse Reaction *	Zodorm 12.5 mg (N = 102)	Placebo (N = 110)
Infections and infestations
Influenza	3	0
Gastroenteritis	1	0
Labyrinthitis	1	0
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Appetite disorder	1	0
Psychiatric disorders
Hallucinations **	4	0
Disorientation	3	2
Anxiety	2	0
Depression	2	0
Psychomotor retardation	2	0
Binge eating	1	0
Depersonalization	1	0
Disinhibition	1	0
Euphoric mood	1	0
Mood swings	1	0
Stress symptoms	1	0
Nervous system disorders
Headache	19	16
Somnolence	15	2
Dizziness	12	5
Memory disorders ***	3	0
Balance disorder	2	0
Disturbance in attention	2	0
Hypoesthesia	2	1
Ataxia	1	0
Paresthesia	1	0
Eye disorders
Visual disturbance	3	0
Eye redness	2	0
Vision blurred	2	1
Altered visual depth perception	1	0
Asthenopia	1	0
Ear and labyrinth disorders
Vertigo	2	0
Tinnitus	1	0
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Throat irritation	1	0
Gastrointestinal disorders
Nausea	7	4
Constipation	2	0
Abdominal discomfort	1	0
Abdominal tenderness	1	0
Frequent bowel movements	1	0
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	1	0
Vomiting	1	0
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Rash	1	0
Skin wrinkling	1	0
Urticaria	1	0
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Back pain	4	3
Myalgia	4	0
Neck pain	1	0
Reproductive system and breast disorders
Menorrhagia	1	0
General disorders and administration site conditions
Fatigue	3	2
Asthenia	1	0
Chest discomfort	1	0
Investigations
Blood pressure increased	1	0
Body temperature increased	1	0
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
Contusion	1	0
Social circumstances
Exposure to poisonous plant	1	0
*Reactions reported by at least 1% of patients treated with Zodorm and at greater frequency than in the placebo group. **Hallucinations included hallucinations NOS as well as visual and hypnogogic hallucinations. ***Memory disorders include: memory impairment, amnesia, anterograde amnesia.

Table 2: Incidences of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions in a 3-Week Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial in Elderly (percentage of patients reporting)

Body System/ Adverse Reaction *	Zodorm 6.25 mg (N=99)	Placebo (N=106)
Infections and infestations
Nasopharyngitis	6	4
Lower respiratory tract infection	1	0
Otitis externa	1	0
Upper respiratory tract infection	1	0
Psychiatric disorders
Anxiety	3	2
Psychomotor retardation	2	0
Apathy	1	0
Depressed mood	1	0
Nervous system disorders
Headache	14	11
Dizziness	8	3
Somnolence	6	5
Burning sensation	1	0
Dizziness postural	1	0
Memory disorders **	1	0
Muscle contractions involuntary	1	0
Paresthesia	1	0
Tremor	1	0
Cardiac disorders
Palpitations	2	0
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Dry throat	1	0
Gastrointestinal disorders
Flatulence	1	0
Vomiting	1	0
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Rash	1	0
Urticaria	1	0
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Arthralgia	2	0
Muscle cramp	2	1
Neck pain	2	0
Renal and urinary disorders
Dysuria	1	0
Reproductive system and breast disorders
Vulvovaginal dryness	1	0
General disorders and administration site conditions
Influenza like illness	1	0
Pyrexia	1	0
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
Neck injury	1	0
*Reactions reported by at least 1% of patients treated with Zodorm and at greater frequency than in the placebo group. **Memory disorders include: memory impairment, amnesia, anterograde amnesia.

Dose Relationship For Adverse Reactions

There is evidence from dose comparison trials suggesting a dose relationship for many of the adverse reactions associated with zolpidem use, particularly for certain CNS and gastrointestinal adverse events.

Other Adverse Reactions Observed During The Premarketing Evaluation Of Zodorm

Other treatment-emergent adverse reactions associated with participation in Zodorm studies (those reported at frequencies of < 1%) were not different in nature or frequency to those seen in studies with immediate-release zolpidem tartrate, which are listed below.

Adverse Events Observed During The Premarketing Evaluation Of Immediate-Release Zolpidem Tartrate

Immediate-release zolpidem tartrate was administered to 3,660 subjects in clinical trials throughout the U.S., Canada, and Europe. Treatment-emergent adverse events associated with clinical trial participation were recorded by clinical investigators using terminology of their own choosing. To provide a meaningful estimate of the proportion of individuals experiencing treatment-emergent adverse events, similar types of untoward events were grouped into a smaller number of standardized event categories and classified utilizing a modified World Health Organization (WHO) dictionary of preferred terms.

The frequencies presented, therefore, represent the proportions of the 3,660 individuals exposed to zolpidem, at all doses, who experienced an event of the type cited on at least one occasion while receiving zolpidem. All reported treatment-emergent adverse events are included, except those already listed in the table above of adverse events in placebo-controlled studies, those coding terms that are so general as to be uninformative, and those events where a drug cause was remote. It is important to emphasize that, although the events reported did occur during treatment with AMBIEN, they were not necessarily caused by it.

Adverse events are further classified within body system categories and enumerated in order of decreasing frequency using the following definitions: frequent adverse events are defined as those occurring in greater than 1/100 subjects; infrequent adverse events are those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1,000 patients; rare events are those occurring in less than 1/1,000 patients.

Autonomic nervous system: Frequent: dry mouth. Infrequent: increased sweating, pallor, postural hypotension, syncope. Rare: abnormal accommodation, altered saliva, flushing, glaucoma, hypotension, impotence, increased saliva, tenesmus.

Body as a whole: Frequent: asthenia. Infrequent: chest pain, edema, falling, fever, malaise, trauma. Rare: allergic reaction, allergy aggravated, anaphylactic shock, face edema, hot flashes, increased ESR, pain, restless legs, rigors, tolerance increased, weight decrease.

Cardiovascular system: Infrequent: cerebrovascular disorder, hypertension, tachycardia. Rare: angina pectoris, arrhythmia, arteritis, circulatory failure, extrasystoles, hypertension aggravated, myocardial infarction, phlebitis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, varicose veins, ventricular tachycardia.

Central and peripheral nervous system: Frequent: ataxia, confusion, drowsiness, drugged feeling, euphoria, insomnia, lethargy, lightheadedness, vertigo. Infrequent: agitation, decreased cognition, detached, difficulty concentrating, dysarthria, emotional lability, hallucination, hypoesthesia, illusion, leg cramps, migraine, nervousness, paresthesia, sleeping (after daytime dosing), speech disorder, stupor, tremor. Rare: abnormal gait, abnormal thinking, aggressive reaction, apathy, appetite increased, decreased libido, delusion, dementia, depersonalization, dysphasia, feeling strange, hypokinesia, hypotonia, hysteria, intoxicated feeling, manic reaction, neuralgia, neuritis, neuropathy, neurosis, panic attacks, paresis, personality disorder, somnambulism, suicide attempts, tetany, yawning.

Gastrointestinal system: Frequent: diarrhea, dyspepsia, hiccup. Infrequent: anorexia, constipation, dysphagia, flatulence, gastroenteritis. Rare: enteritis, eructation, esophagospasm, gastritis, hemorrhoids, intestinal obstruction, rectal hemorrhage, tooth caries.

Hematologic and lymphatic system: Rare: anemia, hyperhemoglobinemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, macrocytic anemia, purpura, thrombosis.

Immunologic system: Infrequent: infection. Rare: abscess herpes simplex herpes zoster, otitis externa, otitis media.

Liver and biliary system: Infrequent: abnormal hepatic function, increased SGPT. Rare: bilirubinemia, increased SGOT.

Metabolic and nutritional: Infrequent: hyperglycemia, thirst. Rare: gout, hypercholesteremia, hyperlipidemia, increased alkaline phosphatase, increased BUN, periorbital edema.

Musculoskeletal system: Infrequent: arthritis. Rare: arthrosis, muscle weakness, sciatica, tendinitis.

Reproductive system: Infrequent: menstrual disorder, vaginitis. Rare: breast fibroadenosis, breast neoplasm, breast pain.

Respiratory system: Frequent: sinusitis. Infrequent: bronchitis, coughing, dyspnea. Rare: bronchospasm, respiratory depression, epistaxis, hypoxia, laryngitis, pneumonia.

Skin and appendages: Infrequent: pruritus. Rare: acne, bullous eruption, dermatitis, furunculosis, injection-site inflammation, photosensitivity reaction, urticaria.

Special senses: Frequent: diplopia, vision abnormal. Infrequent: eye irritation, eye pain, scleritis, taste perversion, tinnitus. Rare: conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, lacrimation abnormal, parosmia, photopsia.

Urogenital system: Frequent: urinary tract infection. Infrequent: cystitis, urinary incontinence. Rare: acute renal failure, dysuria, micturition frequency, nocturia, polyuria, pyelonephritis, renal pain, urinary retention.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Zodorm. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Liver and biliary system: acute hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed liver injury with or without jaundice (i.e., bilirubin > 2x ULN, alkaline phosphatase ≥ 2x ULN, transaminase ≥ 5x ULN).

The following serious adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:

• Serious anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions.
• Abnormal thinking, behavior changes, and complex behaviors.
• Withdrawal effects.
• CNS-depressant effects.

Clinical trials experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The adverse reaction information from clinical trials does, however, provide a basis for identifying the adverse events that appear to be related to drug use and for approximating incidence rates.

Associated with discontinuation of treatment

Approximately 4% of 1,701 patients who received zolpidem tartrate at all doses (1.25 to 90 mg) in U.S. premarketing clinical trials discontinued treatment because of an adverse reaction. Reactions most commonly associated with discontinuation from U.S. trials were daytime drowsiness (0.5%), dizziness (0.4%), headache (0.5%), nausea (0.6%), and vomiting (0.5%).

Approximately 4% of 1,959 patients who received zolpidem at all doses (1 to 50 mg) in similar foreign trials discontinued treatment because of an adverse reaction. Reactions most commonly associated with discontinuation from these trials were daytime drowsiness (1.1%), dizziness/vertigo (0.8%), amnesia (0.5%), nausea (0.5%), headache (0.4%), and falls (0.4%).

Data from a clinical study in which selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-treated patients were given zolpidem revealed that four of the seven discontinuations during double-blind treatment with zolpidem (n=95) were associated with impaired concentration, continuing or aggravated depression, and manic reaction; one patient treated with placebo (n=97) was discontinued after an attempted suicide.

Most commonly observed adverse reactions in controlled trials

During short-term treatment (up to 10 nights) with zolpidem tartrate at doses up to 10 mg, the most commonly observed adverse reactions associated with the use of zolpidem and seen at statistically significant differences from placebo-treated patients were drowsiness (reported by 2% of zolpidem patients), dizziness (1%), and diarrhea (1%). During longer-term treatment (28 to 35 nights) with zolpidem tartrate at doses up to 10 mg, the most commonly observed adverse reactions associated with the use of zolpidem and seen at statistically significant differences from placebo-treated patients were dizziness (5%) and drugged feelings (3%).

Adverse reactions observed at an incidence of ≥ 1% in controlled trials

The following tables enumerate treatment-emergent adverse reactions frequencies that were observed at an incidence equal to 1% or greater among patients with insomnia who received zolpidem tartrate and at a greater incidence than placebo in U.S. placebo-controlled trials. Events reported by investigators were classified utilizing a modified World Health Organization (WHO) dictionary of preferred terms for the purpose of establishing event frequencies. The prescriber should be aware that these figures cannot be used to predict the incidence of side effects in the course of usual medical practice, in which patient characteristics and other factors differ from those that prevailed in these clinical trials. Similarly, the cited frequencies cannot be compared with figures obtained from other clinical investigators involving related drug products and uses, since each group of drug trials is conducted under a different set of conditions. However, the cited figures provide the physician with a basis for estimating the relative contribution of drug and nondrug factors to the incidence of side effects in the population studied.

The following table was derived from results of 11 placebo-controlled short-term U.S. efficacy trials involving zolpidem in doses ranging from 1.25 to 20 mg. The table is limited to data from doses up to and including 10 mg, the highest dose recommended for use.

Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions in Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials Lasting up to 10 Nights (Percentage of patients reporting)

Body System/Adverse Reaction*	Zolpidem ( ≤ 10mg) (n=685)	Placebo (n=473)
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Headache	7	6
Drowsiness	2	–
Dizziness	1	–
Gastrointestinal System
Diarrhea	1	–
*Reactions reported by at least 1% of patients treated with zolpidem tartrate and at a greater frequency than placebo.

The following table was derived from results of three placebo-controlled long-term efficacy trials involving zolpidem tartrate. These trials involved patients with chronic insomnia who were treated for 28 to 35 nights with zolpidem tartrate at doses of 5, 10, or 15 mg. The table is limited to data from doses up to and including 10 mg, the highest dose recommended for use. The table includes only adverse reactions occurring at an incidence of at least 1% for zolpidem tartrate patients.

Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions in Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials Lasting up to 35 Nights (Percentage of patients reporting)

Body System/Adverse Reaction*	Zolpidem ( ≤ 10mg) (n=152)	Placebo (n=161)
Autonomic Nervous System
Dry mouth	3	1
Body as a Whole
Allergy	4	1
Back pain	3	2
Influenza-like symptoms	2	—
Chest pain	1	—
Cardiovascular System
Palpitation	2	—
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Drowsiness	8	5
Dizziness	5	1
Lethargy	3	1
Drugged feeling	3	—
Lightheadedness	2	1
Depression	2	1
Abnormal dreams	1	—
Amnesia	1	—
Sleep disorder	1	—
Gastrointestinal System
Diarrhea	3	2
Abdominal pain	2	2
Constipation	2	1
Respiratory System
Sinusitis	4	2
Pharyngitis	3	1
Skin and Appendages
Rash	2	1
*Reactions reported by at least 1% of patients treated with zolpidem tartrate and at a greater frequency than placebo.

Dose relationship for adverse reactions

There is evidence from dose comparison trials suggesting a dose relationship for many of the adverse reactions associated with zolpidem tartrate use, particularly for certain CNS and gastrointestinal adverse reactions.

Oral tissue-related adverse reactions in Zodorm (zolpidem tartrate oral spray) pharmacokinetics studies

The effect of chronic daily administrations of Zodorm (zolpidem tartrate oral spray) on oral tissue has not been evaluated. In pharmacokinetic studies conducted with Zodorm (zolpidem tartrate oral spray) in healthy subjects, an oral soft tissue exam was performed and no signs of oral irritation were noted following administration of single doses of Zodorm (zolpidem tartrate oral spray).

Adverse event incidence across the entire preapproval database

Zolpidem tartrate was administered to 3,660 subjects in clinical trials throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe. Treatment-emergent adverse event associated with clinical trial participation were recorded by clinical investigators using terminology of their own choosing. To provide a meaningful estimate of the proportion of individuals experiencing treatment-emergent adverse events, similar types of untoward events were grouped into a smaller number of standardized event categories and classified utilizing a modified WHO dictionary of preferred terms.

The frequencies presented, therefore, represent the proportions of the 3,660 individuals exposed to zolpidem tartrate, at all doses, who experienced an event of the type cited on at least one occasion while receiving zolpidem tartrate. All reported treatment-emergent adverse events are included, except those already listed in the table above of adverse events in placebo-controlled studies, those coding terms that are so general as to be uninformative, and those events where a drug cause was remote. It is important to emphasize that, although the events reported did occur during treatment with zolpidem tartrate, they were not necessarily caused by it.

Adverse events are further classified within body system categories and enumerated in order of decreasing frequency using the following definitions: frequent adverse events are defined as those occurring in greater than 1/100 subjects; infrequent adverse events are those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1,000 patients; rare events are those occurring in less than 1/1,000 patients.

Autonomic nervous system: Infrequent: increased sweating, pallor, postural hypotension, syncope. Rare: abnormal accommodation, altered saliva, flushing, glaucoma, hypotension, impotence, increased saliva, tenesmus.

Body as a whole: Frequent: asthenia. Infrequent: edema, falling, fatigue, fever, malaise, trauma. Rare: allergic reaction, allergy aggravated, anaphylactic shock, face edema, hot flashes, increased ESR, pain, restless legs, rigors, tolerance increased, weight decrease.

Cardiovascular system: Infrequent: cerebrovascular disorder, hypertension, tachycardia. Rare: angina pectoris, arrhythmia, arteritis, circulatory failure, extrasystoles, hypertension aggravated, myocardial infarction, phlebitis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema, varicose veins, ventricular tachycardia.

Central and peripheral nervous system: Frequent: ataxia, confusion, euphoria, headache, insomnia, vertigo. Infrequent: agitation, anxiety, decreased cognition, detached, difficulty concentrating, dysarthria, emotional lability, hallucination, hypoesthesia, illusion, leg cramps, migraine, nervousness, paresthesia, sleeping (after daytime dosing), speech disorder, stupor, tremor. Rare: abnormal gait, abnormal thinking, aggressive reaction, apathy, appetite increased, decreased libido, delusion, dementia, depersonalization, dysphasia, feeling strange, hypokinesia, hypotonia, hysteria, intoxicated feeling, manic reaction, neuralgia, neuritis, neuropathy, neurosis, panic attacks, paresis, personality disorder, somnambulism, suicide attempts, tetany, yawning.

Gastrointestinal system: Frequent: dyspepsia, hiccup, nausea. Infrequent: anorexia, constipation, dysphagia, flatulence, gastroenteritis, vomiting. Rare: enteritis, eructation, esophagospasm, gastritis, hemorrhoids, intestinal obstruction, rectal hemorrhage, tooth caries.

Hematologic and lymphatic system: Rare: anemia, hyperhemoglobinemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, macrocytic anemia, purpura, thrombosis.

Immunologic system: Infrequent: infection. Rare: abscess, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, otitis externa, otitis media.

Liver and biliary system: Infrequent: abnormal hepatic function, increased SGPT. Rare: bilirubinemia, increased SGOT.

Metabolic and nutritional: Infrequent: hyperglycemia, thirst. Rare: gout, hypercholesteremia, hyperlipidemia, increased alkaline phosphatase, increased BUN, periorbital edema.

Musculoskeletal system: Frequent: arthralgia, myalgia. Infrequent: arthritis. Rare: arthrosis, muscle weakness, sciatica, tendonitis.

Reproductive system: Infrequent: menstrual disorder, vaginitis. Rare: breast fibroadenosis, breast neoplasm, breast pain.

Respiratory system: Frequent: upper respiratory infection. Infrequent: bronchitis, coughing, dyspnea, rhinitis. Rare: bronchospasm, epistaxis, hypoxia, laryngitis, pneumonia.

Skin and appendages:Infrequent: pruritus. Rare: acne, bullous eruption, dermatitis, furunculosis, injection-site inflammation, photosensitivity reaction, urticaria.

Special senses: Frequent: diplopia, vision abnormal. Infrequent: eye irritation, eye pain, scleritis, taste perversion, tinnitus. Rare: conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, lacrimation abnormal, parosmia, photopsia.

Urogenital system: Frequent: urinary tract infection. Infrequent: cystitis, urinary incontinence. Rare: acute renal failure, dysuria, micturition frequency, nocturia, polyuria, pyelonephritis, renal pain, urinary retention.