Бупраксон инструкция по применению в таблетках

Бупраксон — инструкция по применению

Синонимы, аналоги

Статьи

Регистрационный номер

ЛП-003748

Торговое наименование препарата

Бупраксон

Лекарственная форма

таблетки подъязычные

Состав

На одну таблетку.

Активные вещества: бупренорфина гидрохлорид — 0,216 мг, эквивалентный 0,200 мг бупренорфина; налоксона гидрохлорид — 0,222 мг, эквивалентный 0,200 мг налоксона

Вспомогательные вещества: лактозы моногидрат — 27,729 мг, маннитол (маннит) — 18,000 мг, крахмал картофельный — 9,000 мг, повидон (поливинилпирролидон низкомолекулярный медицинский) — 1,233 мг, кросповидон (полипласдон XL — 10) — 1,800 мг, лимонной кислоты моногидрат (или лимонная кислота в пересчете на лимонной кислоты моногидрат) — 0,600 мг, магния стеарат — 0,600 мг, кремния диоксид коллоидный (аэросил) — 0,600 мг.

Описание

Круглые, двояковыпуклые таблетки белого цвета.

Фармакотерапевтическая группа

Анальгезирующее наркотическое средство

Код АТХ

Бупренорфин

Фармакодинамика:

Фармакодинамические эффекты отсутствуют. Налоксон практически не проявляет фармакологической активности при приеме внутрь, отношение эффективности налоксона при пероральном и парентеральном введении составляет 1:50.

Начало действия бупренорфина после сублингвального применения препарата Бупраксон наступает через 30 минут. Максимальное действие наблюдается через 3 часа. Длительность анальгезирующего действия — 5 часов.

Фармакокинетика:

Налоксон

Согласно проведенным клиническим исследованиям налоксон обладает низкой биодоступностью (9±6%) при сублингвальном применении. Всосавшиеся незначительные количества налоксона, входящего в состав препарата Бупраксон®, не создают терапевтических концентраций в плазме крови и не оказывают влияния на эффекты и метаболизм бупренорфина.

Налоксон быстро метаболизируется в печени, подвергаясь прямой глюкуронизации до налоксон-3-глюкуронида, а также N-дезалкилированию и восстановлению (по 6- оксогруппе).

Выведение

Бупренорфин

Период полувыведения (Т_1/2) бупренорфина из плазмы крови составляет 24-42 часа. Выведение метаболитов осуществляется почками (30%) и с желчью (69%). Всего около 1% препарата выделяется в неизмененном виде.

Налоксон

(Т_1/2) налоксона составляет 2-12 часов. Метаболиты выводятся преимущественно почками.

Показания:

У пациентов с послеоперационным болевым синдромом (сильной и средней интенсивности), болевым синдромом, обусловленным травмами и ожогами, при проведении диагностических процедур.

Противопоказания:

— одновременное применение с ингибиторами моноаминоксидазы (МАО), как в течение всего периода применения ингибиторов МАО, так и в течение 14 дней после их отмены (см. раздел «Взаимодействие с другими лекарственными препаратами»);

— стоматит и мукозит, язвенно-некротические и воспалительные поражения слизистой оболочки полости рта;

— лекарственная зависимость, в том числе опиоидная;

— судорожные состояния;

— черепно-мозговая травма;

— острая алкогольная интоксикация;

— бронхиальная астма, астматический статус;

— легочно-сердечная недостаточность;

— нарушения ритма сердца (наджелудочковая и желудочковая пароксизмальная тахикардия, фибрилляция и трепетание предсердий, фибрилляция и трепетание желудочков, экстрасистолия);

— паралитический илеус;

— острые хирургические заболевания органов брюшной полости до установления диагноза;

— применение при беременности и в период грудного вскармливания;

— возраст до 18 лет;

— непереносимость лактозы, дефицит лактазы, глюкозо-галактозная мальабсорбция (см. раздел «Особые указания»).

С осторожностью:

— Дыхательная недостаточность,

— печеночная и/или почечная недостаточность,

— микседема,

— гипотиреоз,

— надпочечниковая недостаточность,

— угнетение центральной нервной системы,

— токсический психоз,

— гиперплазия предстательной железы,

— стриктуры уретры,

— алкоголизм,

— пожилой и старческий возраст.

Беременность и лактация:

Препарат противопоказан к применению при беременности и в период грудного вскармливания. Контролируемые исследования применения сублингвальных таблеток Бупраксон® не проводились. Потенциальный риск для человека неизвестен.

При применении препарата в конце беременности бупренорфин может вызвать угнетение дыхания у новорожденного, даже после короткого периода применения. Длительное применение бупренорфина в течение последних трех месяцев беременности может вызвать абстинентный синдром у новорожденных (в т.ч. гипертония, тремор, неонатальная ажитация, миоклонус или судороги). Синдром, как правило, может протекать от нескольких часов до нескольких дней после родов.

Грудное вскармливание

Неизвестно, экскретируется ли налоксон с грудным молоком. Бупренорфин и его метаболиты экскретируются из организма через материнское молоко.

В исследовании на животных, у крыс при применении бупренорфина было установлено, что он ингибирует лактацию. Таким образом, грудное вскармливание следует прекратить на время лечения препаратом Бупраксон®.

Фертильность

Исследования на животных показали снижение женской фертильности в дозах, многократно превосходящих среднюю суточную дозу для человека.

Способ применения и дозы:

Препарат Бупраксон® применяют сублингвально. Таблетки удерживаются под языком до полного рассасывания.

Дозу подбирают индивидуально. Продолжительность лечения и дозы должны определяться врачом.

Разовая доза для взрослых составляет 1 или 2 таблетки. Повторное применение препарата в аналогичной дозе возможно каждые 6-8 часов.

Максимальная разовая доза — 2 таблетки, максимальная суточная доза составляет 8 таблеток.

Дозу препарата Бупраксон® необходимо уменьшать у пациентов пожилого возраста, при гиповолемических состояниях, при риске хирургической патологии, при одновременном применении седативных средств и других наркотических анальгетиков.

Препарат Бупраксон® в уменьшенных дозах следует применять на фоне действия средств для общей анестезии, снотворных препаратов, анксиолитиков, антидепрессантов и нейролептиков во избежание чрезмерного угнетения центральной нервной системы и подавления активности дыхательного центра.

Побочные эффекты:

Со стороны кожных покровов: редко — цианоз, зуд.

Со стороны мочевыделительной системы: редко — задержка мочеиспускания.

Со стороны обмена веществ: редко — потливость.

Со стороны пищеварительной системы: часто — тошнота; редко — рвота, сухость во рту, запор.

Со стороны дыхательной системы: редко — угнетение дыхательного центра, одышка, гиповентиляция.

Со стороны органов чувств: часто — миоз, нечеткость зрения, диплопия; очень редко — конъюнктивит.

Со стороны сердечно-сосудистой системы: часто — повышение артериального давления, редко — тахикардия, брадикардия, озноб/ощущение холода, «приливы» крови.

Если любые из указанных в инструкции побочных эффектов усугубляются, или Вы заметили любые другие побочные эффекты, не указанные в инструкции, сообщите об этом врачу.

Передозировка:

Симптомы передозировки определяются входящим в состав бупренорфином. Симптомы: тошнота, рвота, седация, сонливость, миоз, угнетение дыхания.

Лечение: физическая и вербальная стимуляция пациента, симптоматическая терапия.

Симптоматическая терапия: кислород, инфузионная терапия, парентеральное введение налоксона (рекомендуется разовое внутривенное или внутримышечное введение налоксона в дозе 0,4-2 мг с повторами через 2-3 минуты, до суммарной дозы 10 мг и более). В связи с высоким сродством бупренорфина к опиоидным рецепторам используются дозы налоксона, более высокие, чем при отравлении морфином и другими «полными опиоидными агонистами». При необходимости — вспомогательная и искусственная вентиляция легких (ИВЛ).

Взаимодействие:

Потенцирует действие нейролептиков, бензодиазепинов, фенотиазинов, а также других транквилизаторов; анксиолитиков, седативных, снотворных средств, общих анестетиков, антигистаминных препаратов, этанола.

При сочетании с ингибиторами МАО может развиться злокачественная гипертермия, судороги, кома, артериальная гипертензия.

При сочетании Бупраксона® с «полными опиоидными агонистами», возможно развитие синдрома «отмены» опиатов.

При применении с вальпроевой кислотой/вальпроатом натрия возрастает угнетающее действие на ЦНС.

При приеме других анальгетиков может повышаться давление цереброспинальной жидкости, поэтому Бупраксон® следует применять с осторожностью в случаях, когда давление цереброспинальной жидкости может быть увеличено, так как бупренорфин может приводить к миозу и изменению уровня сознания.

Препараты, ингибирующие активность изофермента CYP3A4 (кетоконазол, макролиды, эритромицин и др.) или ингибиторы ВИЧ-протеазы (ритонавир) могут усилить эффекты и длительность действия бупренорфина, что потребует коррекции дозы одного или обоих препаратов.

При совместном приеме с индукторами изофермента CYP3A4 (в т.ч. фенобарбитал, карбамазепин, фенитоин, рифампицин) концентрация бупренорфина в плазме крови может снижаться. Поскольку взаимодействие бупренорфина со всеми индукторами изофермента CYP3A4 не изучалось, рекомендуется контролировать состояние пациентов, получавших Бупраксон® , таблетки сублингвальные, на наличие признаков и симптомов синдрома «отмены».

Фитопрепараты способны оказывать влияние на фармакологическую активность бупренорфина. Зверобой продырявленный, как индуктор изофермента CYP3A4, способен снижать концентрацию бупренорфина в плазме крови.

Этанол усиливает угнетение ЦНС бупренорфином. На время лечения необходимо отказаться от спиртных напитков.

Особые указания:

Включение налоксона в состав препарата Бупраксон® сделано с целью увеличения наркологической безопасности при использовании последнего. В случае немедицинского применения таблеток препарата Бупраксон® (в связи с наличием в составе наркотического анальгетика), налоксон будет блокировать эффекты бупренорфина и не приведет к действию, достижение которого преследуется при злоупотреблении бупренорфином. У лиц с физической зависимостью к опиоидам это может привести к развитию синдрома «отмены».

Пациенты с печеночной недостаточностью

Бупренорфин метаболизируется в печени. У пациентов с нарушением функции печени интенсивность и длительность действия препарата могут изменяться. Применение сублингвальных таблеток Бупраксон® у таких пациентов должно контролироваться специалистом.

Пациенты с почечной недостаточностью

Фармакокинетика бупренорфина при почечной недостаточности не изменяется.

Никотинзависимые пациенты

Необходимо предупредить пациентов, что никотин снижает фармакологическую активность препарата.

Лекарственный препарат Бупраксон® в составе вспомогательных веществ содержит лактозу, которая может оказывать клинически значимое действие на лиц с ее непереносимостью, имеющих дефицит лактазы, глюкозо-галактозную мальабсорбцию.

Хранить в местах, недоступных для детей. В случае случайного или преднамеренного приема у детей может возникнуть угнетение дыхание, которое может повлечь за собой летальный исход.

Влияние на способность управлять транспортными средствами и механизмами:

В период лечения необходимо воздерживаться от вождения автотранспорта и занятий потенциально опасными видами деятельности, требующими повышенной концентрации внимания и быстроты психомоторных реакций.

Форма выпуска/дозировка:

Таблетки сублингвальные.

Упаковка:

Условия хранения:

В соответствии с правилами хранения наркотических средств, внесенных в список II «Перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации».

В защищенном от света месте, при температуре не выше 25 °С.

Хранить в местах, недоступных для детей.

Срок годности:

4 года.

Не применять по истечении срока годности, указанного на упаковке.

Условия отпуска

По рецепту

Производитель

Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие «МОСКОВСКИЙ ЭНДОКРИННЫЙ ЗАВОД» (ФГУП «МОСКОВСКИЙ ЭНДОКРИННЫЙ ЗАВОД»), 109052, г. Москва, ул. Новохохловская, д. 25, стр. 1, Россия

Владелец регистрационного удостоверения/организация, принимающая претензии потребителей:

ФГУП «МОСКОВСКИЙ ЭНДОКРИННЫЙ ЗАВОД»

Комментарии

(видны только специалистам, верифицированным редакцией МЕДИ РУ)

Действующие вещества

— налоксона гидрохлорид (naloxone)
— бупренорфина гидрохлорид (buprenorphine)

Состав и форма выпуска препарата

Фармакологическое действие

Фармакокинетика

Показания

Послеоперационный болевой синдром (сильной и средней интенсивности), болевой синдром, обусловленный травмами и ожогами, при проведении диагностических процедур.

Противопоказания

Дозировка

Побочные действия

Лекарственное взаимодействие

Особые указания

Беременность и лактация

Противопоказано применение при беременности и в период грудного вскармливания.

Применение в детском возрасте

Препарат противопоказан для применения у детей и подростков в возрасте до 18 лет

При нарушениях функции печени

Препарат разрешен для применения при нарушении функции печени

WARNINGS

Included as part of the «PRECAUTIONS» Section

PRECAUTIONS

Abuse Potential

Buprenorphine can be abused in a manner similar to other opioids, legal or illicit. Prescribe and dispense buprenorphine with appropriate precautions to minimize risk of misuse, abuse, or diversion, and ensure appropriate protection from theft, including in the home. Clinical monitoring appropriate to the patient’s level of stability is essential. Multiple refills should not be prescribed early in treatment or without appropriate patient follow-up visits.

Respiratory Depression

Buprenorphine, particularly when taken by the IV route, in combination with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (including alcohol), has been associated with significant respiratory depression and death. Many, but not all, post-marketing reports regarding coma and death associated with the concomitant use of buprenorphine and benzodiazepines involved misuse by self-injection. Deaths have also been reported in association with concomitant administration of buprenorphine with other depressants such as alcohol or other CNS depressant drugs. Patients should be warned of the potential danger of self-administration of benzodiazepines or other depressants while under treatment with Бупраксон sublingual tablets.

In the case of overdose, the primary management should be the re-establishment of adequate ventilation with mechanical assistance of respiration, if required. Naloxone may be of value for the management of buprenorphine overdose. Higher than normal doses and repeated administration may be necessary.

Бупраксон sublingual tablets should be used with caution in patients with compromised respiratory function (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cor pulmonale, decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression).

CNS Depression

Patients receiving buprenorphine in the presence of opioid analgesics, general anesthetics, benzodiazepines, phenothiazines, other tranquilizers, sedative/hypnotics, or other CNS depressants (including alcohol) may exhibit increased CNS depression. Consider dose reduction of CNS depressants, Бупраксон sublingual tablets, or both in situations of concomitant prescribing.

Unintentional Pediatric Exposure

Buprenorphine can cause fatal respiratory depression in children who are accidentally exposed to it. Store buprenorphine containing medications safely out of the sight and reach of children and destroy any unused medication appropriately.

Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) is an expected and treatable outcome of prolonged use of opioids during pregnancy, whether that use is medically-authorized or illicit. Unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, NOWS may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated in the neonate. Healthcare professionals should observe newborns for signs of NOWS and manage accordingly.

Advise pregnant women receiving opioid addiction treatment with Бупраксон of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available. This risk must be balanced against the risk of untreated opioid addiction which often results in continued or relapsing illicit opioid use and is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, prescribers should discuss the importance and benefits of management of opioid addiction throughout pregnancy.

Adrenal Insufficiency

Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use. Presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. If adrenal insufficiency is suspected, confirm the diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible. If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids. Wean the patient off of the opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers. Other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency. The information available does not identify any particular opioids as being more likely to be associated with adrenal insufficiency.

Dependence

Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptor and chronic administration produces physical dependence of the opioid type, characterized by withdrawal signs and symptoms upon abrupt discontinuation or rapid taper. The withdrawal syndrome is typically milder than seen with full agonists and may be delayed in onset. Buprenorphine can be abused in a manner similar to other opioids. This should be considered when prescribing or dispensing buprenorphine in situations when the clinician is concerned about an increased risk of misuse, abuse, or diversion.

Hepatitis, Hepatic Events

Cases of cytolytic hepatitis and hepatitis with jaundice have been observed in individuals receiving buprenorphine in clinical trials and through post-marketing adverse event reports. The spectrum of abnormalities ranges from transient asymptomatic elevations in hepatic transaminases to case reports of death, hepatic failure, hepatic necrosis, hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy. In many cases, the presence of pre-existing liver enzyme abnormalities, infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus, concomitant usage of other potentially hepatotoxic drugs, and ongoing injecting drug use may have played a causative or contributory role. In other cases, insufficient data were available to determine the etiology of the abnormality. Withdrawal of buprenorphine has resulted in amelioration of acute hepatitis in some cases; however, in other cases no dose reduction was necessary. The possibility exists that buprenorphine had a causative or contributory role in the development of the hepatic abnormality in some cases. Liver function tests, prior to initiation of treatment is recommended to establish a baseline. Periodic monitoring of liver function during treatment is also recommended. A biological and etiological evaluation is recommended when a hepatic event is suspected. Depending on the case, Бупраксон sublingual tablet may need to be carefully discontinued to prevent withdrawal signs and symptoms and a return by the patient to illicit drug use, and strict monitoring of the patient should be initiated.

Allergic Reactions

Cases of hypersensitivity to buprenorphine and naloxone containing products have been reported both in clinical trials and in the post-marketing experience. Cases of bronchospasm, angioneurotic edema, and anaphylactic shock have been reported. The most common signs and symptoms include rashes, hives, and pruritus. A history of hypersensitivity to buprenorphine or naloxone is a contraindication to the use of Бупраксон sublingual tablet.

Precipitation Of Opioid Withdrawal Signs And Symptoms

Because it contains naloxone, Бупраксон sublingual tablet is likely to produce withdrawal signs and symptoms if misused parenterally by individuals dependent on full opioid agonists such as heroin, morphine, or methadone. Because of the partial agonist properties of buprenorphine, Бупраксон sublingual tablet may precipitate opioid withdrawal signs and symptoms in such persons if administered sublingually before the agonist effects of the opioid have subsided.

Use In Opioid Naïve Patients

There have been reported deaths of opioid naive individuals who received a 2 mg dose of buprenorphine as a sublingual tablet for analgesia. Бупраксон sublingual tablet is not appropriate as an analgesic.

Use In Patients With Impaired Hepatic Function

Buprenorphine/naloxone products are not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment and may not be appropriate for patients with moderate hepatic impairment. The doses of buprenorphine and naloxone in this fixed-dose combination product cannot be individually titrated, and hepatic impairment results in a reduced clearance of naloxone to a much greater extent than buprenorphine. Therefore, patients with severe hepatic impairment will be exposed to substantially higher levels of naloxone than patients with normal hepatic function. This may interfere with buprenorphine’s efficacy throughout treatment. In patients with moderate hepatic impairment, the differential reduction of naloxone clearance compared to buprenorphine clearance is not as great as in subjects with severe hepatic impairment. Therefore, buprenorphine/naloxone products may be used with caution for maintenance treatment in patients with moderate hepatic impairment who have initiated treatment on a buprenorphine product without naloxone. However, patients should be carefully monitored and consideration given to the possibility of naloxone interfering with buprenorphine’s efficacy.

Impairment Of Ability To Drive Or Operate Machinery

Бупраксон sublingual tablet may impair the mental or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially dangerous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery, especially during treatment induction and dose adjustment. Patients should be cautioned about driving or operating hazardous machinery until they are reasonably certain that Бупраксон sublingual tablet therapy does not adversely affect his or her ability to engage in such activities.

Orthostatic Hypotension

Like other opioids, Бупраксон sublingual tablets may produce orthostatic hypotension in ambulatory patients.

Elevation Of Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure

Buprenorphine, like other opioids, may elevate cerebrospinal fluid pressure and should be used with caution in patients with head injury, intracranial lesions, and other circumstances when cerebrospinal pressure may be increased. Buprenorphine can produce miosis and changes in the level of consciousness that may interfere with patient evaluation.

Elevation Of Intracholedochal Pressure

Buprenorphine has been shown to increase intracholedochal pressure, as do other opioids, and thus should be administered with caution to patients with dysfunction of the biliary tract.

Effects In Acute Abdominal Conditions

As with other opioids, buprenorphine may obscure the diagnosis or clinical course of patients with acute abdominal conditions.

General Precautions

Бупраксон sublingual tablet should be administered with caution in debilitated patients and those with myxedema or hypothyroidism, adrenal cortical insufficiency (e.g., Addison’s disease); CNS depression or coma; toxic psychoses; prostatic hypertrophy or urethral stricture; acute alcoholism; delirium tremens; or kyphoscoliosis.

Patient Counseling Information

See FDA-approved patient labeling. (PATIENT INFORMATION)

Safe Use

Before initiating treatment with Бупраксон sublingual tablets, explain the points listed below to caregivers and patients. Instruct patients to read the Medication Guide each time Бупраксон is dispensed because new information may be available.

• Patients should be warned that it is extremely dangerous to self-administer non-prescribed benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (including alcohol) while taking Бупраксон sublingual tablets. Patients prescribed benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants should be cautioned to use them only as directed by their physician.
• Patients should be advised that Бупраксон sublingual tablets contain an opioid that can be a target for people who abuse prescription medications or street drugs. Patients should be cautioned to keep their tablets in a safe place, and to protect them from theft.
• Patients should be instructed to keep Бупраксон sublingual tablets in a secure place, out of the sight and reach of children. Accidental or deliberate ingestion by a child may cause respiratory depression that can result in death. Patients should be advised that if a child is exposed to Бупраксон sublingual tablets, medical attention should be sought immediately.
• Inform patients that Бупраксон could cause a rare but potentially life-threatening condition resulting from concomitant administration of serotonergic drugs. Warn patients of the symptoms of serotonin syndrome and to seek medical attention right away if symptoms develop. Instruct patients to inform their physicians if they are taking, or plan to take serotonergic medications.
• Inform patients that Бупраксон could cause adrenal insufficiency, a potentially life-threatening condition. Adrenal insufficiency may present with non-specific symptoms and signs such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. Advise patients to seek medical attention if they experience a constellation of these symptoms.
• Patients should be advised never to give Бупраксон sublingual tablets to anyone else, even if he or she has the same signs and symptoms. It may cause harm or death.
• Patients should be advised that selling or giving away this medication is against the law.
• Patients should be cautioned that Бупраксон sublingual tablets may impair the mental or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially dangerous tasks such as driving or operating machinery. Caution should be taken especially during drug induction and dose adjustment and until individuals are reasonably certain that buprenorphine therapy does not adversely affect their ability to engage in such activities.
• Patients should be advised not to change the dosage of Бупраксон sublingual tablets without consulting their physician.
• Patients should be advised to take Бупраксон sublingual tablets once a day, after induction.
• Patients should be advised that if they miss a dose of Бупраксон they should take it as soon as they remember. If it is almost time for the next dose, they should skip the missed dose and take the next dose at the regular time.
• Patients should be informed that Бупраксон sublingual tablets can cause drug dependence and that withdrawal signs and symptoms may occur when the medication is discontinued.
• Patients seeking to discontinue treatment with buprenorphine for opioid dependence should be advised to work closely with their physician on a tapering schedule and should be apprised of the potential to relapse to illicit drug use associated with discontinuation of opioid agonist/partial agonist medication-assisted treatment.
• Patients should be cautioned that, like other opioids, Бупраксон sublingual tablets may produce orthostatic hypotension in ambulatory individuals.
• Patients should inform their physician if any other prescription medications, over-the-counter medications, or herbal preparations are prescribed or currently being used.
• Advise women that if they are pregnant while being treated with Бупраксон, the baby may have signs of withdrawal at birth and that withdrawal is treatable.
• Advise women who are breastfeeding to monitor the infant for drowsiness and difficulty breathing.
• Inform patients that chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible.
• Patients should inform their family members that, in the event of emergency, the treating physician or emergency room staff should be informed that the patient is physically dependent on an opioid and that the patient is being treated with Бупраксон sublingual tablets.
• Refer to the Medication Guide for additional information regarding the counseling information.

Disposal Of Unused Бупраксон Sublingual Tablets

Unused Бупраксон sublingual tablets should be disposed of as soon as they are no longer needed. Unused tablets should be flushed down the toilet.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

Бупраксон has been shown to have differences in bioavailability compared to other buprenorphine/naloxone-containing sublingual products. The exposure margins listed below are based on body surface area comparisons (mg/m²) to the recommended human sublingual dose of 16 mg buprenorphine via Suboxone, which is equivalent to a human sublingual dose of 11.4 mg buprenorphine via Бупраксон.

Carcinogenicity

A carcinogenicity study of buprenorphine/naloxone (4:1 ratio of the free bases) was performed in Alderley Park rats. Buprenorphine/naloxone was administered in the diet at doses of approximately 7 mg/kg/day, 31 mg/kg/day, and 123 mg/kg/day for 104 weeks (estimated exposure was approximately 4, 18, and 44 times the recommended human sublingual dose based on buprenorphine AUC comparisons). A statistically significant increase in Leydig cell adenomas was observed in all dose groups. No other drug-related tumors were noted.

Carcinogenicity studies of buprenorphine were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats and CD-1 mice. Buprenorphine was administered in the diet to rats at doses of 0.6 mg/kg/day, 5.5 mg/kg/day, and 56 mg/kg/day (estimated exposure was approximately 0.4, 3, and 35 times the recommended human sublingual dose) for 27 months. As in the buprenorphine/naloxone carcinogenicity study in rat, statistically significant dose-related increases in Leydig cell tumors occurred. In an 86-week study in CD-1 mice, buprenorphine was not carcinogenic at dietary doses up to 100 mg/kg/day (estimated exposure was approximately 30 times the recommended human sublingual dose).

Mutagenicity

The 4:1 combination of buprenorphine and naloxone was not mutagenic in a bacterial mutation assay (Ames test) using four strains of S. typhimurium and two strains of E. coli. The combination was not clastogenic in an in vitro cytogenetic assay in human lymphocytes or in an IV micronucleus test in the rat.

Buprenorphine was studied in a series of tests utilizing gene, chromosome, and DNA interactions in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Results were negative in yeast (S. cerevisiae) for recombinant, gene convertant, or forward mutations; negative in Bacillus subtilis “rec” assay, negative for clastogenicity in CHO cells, Chinese hamster bone marrow and spermatogonia cells, and negative in the mouse lymphoma L5178Y assay.

Results were equivocal in the Ames test: negative in studies in two laboratories, but positive for frame shift mutation at a high dose (5 mg/plate) in a third study. Results were positive in the Green-Tweets (E. coli) survival test, positive in a DNA synthesis inhibition (DSI) test with testicular tissue from mice, for both in vivo and in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine, and positive in unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test using testicular cells from mice.

Impairment Of Fertility

Dietary administration of buprenorphine in the rat at dose levels of 500 ppm or greater (equivalent to approximately 47 mg/kg/day or greater; estimated exposure approximately 28 times the recommended human sublingual dose) produced a reduction in fertility demonstrated by reduced female conception rates. A dietary dose of 100 ppm (equivalent to approximately 10 mg/kg/day; estimated exposure approximately 6 times the recommended human sublingual dose) had no adverse effect on fertility.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Risk Summary

The data on use of buprenorphine, the active ingredient in Бупраксон, in pregnancy, are limited; however, these data do not indicate an increased risk of major malformations specifically due to buprenorphine exposure. There are limited data from randomized clinical trials in women maintained on buprenorphine that were not designed appropriately to assess the risk of major malformations. Observational studies have reported on congenital malformations among buprenorphine-exposed pregnancies, but were also not designed appropriately to assess the risk of congenital malformations specifically due to buprenorphine exposure. The extremely limited data on sublingual naloxone exposure in pregnancy are not sufficient to evaluate a drug-associated risk.

Reproductive and developmental studies in rats and rabbits identified adverse events at clinically relevant and higher doses. Embryofetal death was observed in both rats and rabbits administered buprenorphine during the period of organogenesis at doses approximately 6 and 0.3 times, respectively, the human sublingual dose of 16 mg/day of buprenorphine. Pre-and postnatal development studies in rats demonstrated increased neonatal deaths at 0.3 times and above and dystocia at approximately 3 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg/day of buprenorphine. No clear teratogenic effects were seen when buprenorphine was administered during organogenesis with a range of doses equivalent to or greater than the human sublingual dose of 16 mg/day of buprenorphine. However, increases in skeletal abnormalities were noted in rats and rabbits administered buprenorphine daily during organogenesis at doses approximately 0.6 times and approximately equal to the human sublingual dose of 16 mg/day of buprenorphine, respectively. In a few studies, some events such as acephalus and omphalocele were also observed but these findings were not clearly treatment-related.

The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population are unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Disease-Associated Maternal and Embryo-fetal Risk

Untreated opioid addiction in pregnancy is associated with adverse obstetrical outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and fetal death. In addition, untreated opioid addiction often results in continued or relapsing illicit opioid use.

Dose Adjustment during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period

Dosage adjustments of buprenorphine may be required during pregnancy, even if maintained on a stable dose prior to pregnancy. Withdrawal signs and symptoms should be monitored closely and the dose adjusted as necessary.

Fetal/neonatal Adverse Reactions

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome may occur in newborn infants of mothers who are receiving treatment with Бупраксон.

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or failure to gain weight. Signs of neonatal withdrawal usually occur in the first days after birth. The duration and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome may vary. Observe newborns for signs of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly.

Labor or Delivery

Opioid-dependent women on buprenorphine maintenance therapy may require additional analgesia during labor.

Data

Human Data

Studies have been conducted to evaluate neonatal outcomes in women exposed to buprenorphine during pregnancy. Limited data from trials, observational studies, case series, and case reports on buprenorphine use in pregnancy do not indicate an increased risk of major malformations specifically due to buprenorphine. Several factors may complicate the interpretation of investigations of the children of women who take buprenorphine during pregnancy, including maternal use of illicit drugs, late presentation for prenatal care, infection, poor compliance, poor nutrition, and psychosocial circumstances. Interpretation of data is complicated further by the lack of information on untreated opioid-dependent pregnant women, who would be the most appropriate group for comparison. Rather, women on another form of opioid medication-assisted treatment, or women in the general population are generally used as the comparison group. However, women in these comparison groups may be different from women prescribed buprenorphine-containing products with respect to maternal factors that may lead to poor pregnancy outcomes.

In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial (“MOTHER”) designed primarily to assess neonatal opioid withdrawal effects, opioid-dependent pregnant women were randomized to buprenorphine (n=86) or methadone (n=89) treatment, with enrollment at an average gestational age of 18.7 weeks in both groups. A total of 28 of the 86 women in the buprenorphine group (33%) and 16 of the 89 women in the methadone group (18%) discontinued treatment before the end of pregnancy.

Among women who remained in treatment until delivery, there was no difference between buprenorphine-treated and methadone-treated groups in the number of neonates requiring NOWS treatment or in the peak severity of NOWS. Buprenorphine-exposed neonates required less morphine (mean total dose, 1.1 mg vs. 10.4 mg), had shorter hospital stays (10.0 days vs. 17.5 days), and shorter duration of treatment for NOWS (4.1 days vs. 9.9 days) compared to the methadone-exposed group. There were no differences between groups in other primary outcomes (neonatal head circumference,) or secondary outcomes (weight and length at birth, preterm birth, gestational age at delivery, and 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores), or in the rates of maternal or neonatal adverse events. The outcomes among mothers who discontinued treatment before delivery and may have relapsed to illicit opioid use are not known. Because of the imbalance in discontinuation rates between the buprenorphine and methadone groups, the study findings are difficult to interpret.

Animal Data

Бупраксон has been shown to have differences in bioavailability compared to other buprenorphine/naloxone-containing sublingual products. The exposure margins listed below are based on body surface area comparisons (mg/m²) to the recommended human sublingual dose of 16 mg buprenorphine via Suboxone, which is equivalent to a human sublingual dose of 11.4 mg buprenorphine via Бупраксон.

Effects on embryo-fetal development were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats and Russian white rabbits following oral (1:1) and intramuscular (IM) (3:2) administration of mixtures of buprenorphine and naloxone during the period of organogenesis. Following oral administration to rats no teratogenic effects were observed at buprenorphine doses up to 250 mg/kg/day (estimated exposure approximately 150 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg).

Following oral administration to rabbits, no teratogenic effects were observed at buprenorphine doses up to 40 mg/kg/day (estimated exposure approximately 50 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg). No definitive drug-related teratogenic effects were observed in rats and rabbits at IM doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (estimated exposure approximately 20 times and 35 times, respectively, the human sublingual dose of 16 mg). Acephalus was observed in one rabbit fetus from the low-dose group and omphalocele was observed in two rabbit fetuses from the same litter in the mid-dose group; no findings were observed in fetuses from the high-dose group. Following oral administration of buprenorphine to rats, dose-related post-implantation losses, evidenced by increases in the numbers of early resorptions with consequent reductions in the numbers of fetuses, were observed at doses of 10 mg/kg/day or greater (estimated exposure approximately 6 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg).

In the rabbit, increased post-implantation losses occurred at an oral dose of 40 mg/kg/day. Following IM administration in the rat and the rabbit, post-implantation losses, as evidenced by decreases in live fetuses and increases in resorptions, occurred at 30 mg/kg/day.

Buprenorphine was not teratogenic in rats or rabbits after IM or subcutaneous (SC) doses up to 5 mg/kg/day (estimated exposure was approximately 3 and 6 times, respectively, the human sublingual dose of 16 mg), after IV doses up to 0.8 mg/kg/day (estimated exposure was approximately 0.5 times and equal to, respectively, the human sublingual dose of 16 mg), or after oral doses up to 160 mg/kg/day in rats (estimated exposure was approximately 95 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg) and 25 mg/kg/day in rabbits (estimated exposure was approximately 30 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg). Significant increases in skeletal abnormalities (e.g., extra thoracic vertebra or thoraco-lumbar ribs) were noted in rats after SC administration of 1 mg/kg/day and up (estimated exposure was approximately 0.6 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg), but were not observed at oral doses up to 160 mg/kg/day.

Increases in skeletal abnormalities in rabbits after IM administration of 5 mg/kg/day (estimated exposure was approximately 6 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg) or oral administration of 1 mg/kg/day or greater (estimated exposure was approximately equal to the human sublingual dose of 16 mg) were not statistically significant.

In rabbits, buprenorphine produced statistically significant pre-implantation losses at oral doses of 1 mg/kg/day or greater and post-implantation losses that were statistically significant at IV doses of 0.2 mg/kg/day or greater (estimated exposure approximately 0.3 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg).

Dystocia was noted in pregnant rats treated intramuscularly with buprenorphine during gestation and lactation at 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg). Fertility, pre-, and post-natal development studies with buprenorphine in rats indicated increases in neonatal mortality after oral doses of 0.8 mg/kg/day and up (approximately 0.5 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg), after IM doses of 0.5 mg/kg/day and up (approximately 0.3 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg), and after SC doses of 0.1 mg/kg/day and up (approximately 0.06 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg). An apparent lack of milk production during these studies likely contributed to the decreased pup viability and lactation indices. Delays in the occurrence of righting reflex and startle response were noted in rat pups at an oral dose of 80 mg/kg/day (approximately 50 times the human sublingual dose of 16 mg).

Lactation

Risk Summary

Based on two studies in 13 lactating women, maintained on buprenorphine treatment, buprenorphine and its metabolite norbuprenorphine were present in low levels in human milk and infant urine, and available data have not shown adverse reactions in breastfed infants. There are no data on the combination product buprenorphine/naloxone in breastfeeding, however oral absorption of naloxone is limited. Caution should be exercised when Бупраксон is administered to a nursing woman. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for Бупраксон and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from the drug or from the underlying maternal condition.

Clinical Considerations

Advise the breastfeeding women taking buprenorphine products to monitor the infant for increased drowsiness and breathing difficulties.

Data

Data were consistent from two studies (N=13) of breastfeeding infants whose mothers were maintained on sublingual doses of buprenorphine ranging from 2.4 to 24 mg/day, showing that the infants were exposed to less than 1% of the maternal daily dose.

In a study of six lactating women who were taking a median sublingual buprenorphine dose of 0.29 mg/kg/day 5 to 8 days after delivery, breast milk provided a median infant dose of 0.42 mcg/kg/day of buprenorphine and 0.33 mcg/kg/day of norbuprenorphine, equal to 0.2% and 0.12%, respectively, of the maternal weight-adjusted dose (relative dose/kg (%) of norbuprenorphine was calculated from the assumption that buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine are equipotent).

Data from a study of seven lactating women who were taking a med